How Can We Understand The Iraq War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 429 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Iraq War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Iraq had a big part in war and PTSD. Iraq is a country in south-western Asia. It has a small border on the Persian Gulf. â€Å"War is a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between a state or nations.† (From the Merriam Webster Dictionary). â€Å"PTSD is a psychological reaction occurring after experiencing a highly stressing event.† (From the Merriam Webster Dictionary). Deaths and casualties happens in every war. For U.S. soldiers, 31,958 were WIA and there were (including both KIA and non-hostile) 4,410 total deaths. Symptoms for PTSD are: Disturbing thoughts, feelings, or dreams related to the event(s). Some complications from PTSD can be suicide. Treatment can be counselling or medication. The Iraq war lasted 8.8 years. The war went from Mar. 20, 2003-Dec. 18, 2011. Iraq war was an armed conflict. A lot of countries were in the Iraq war. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Can We Understand The Iraq War?" essay for you Create order â€Å"Why the Iraq war has produced more PTSD than the conflict in Afghanistan† (Badger np). Over the length of these two wars (Afghanistan and Iraq). Iraq service members have been exposed to more combat than Afghanistan. â€Å"PTSD affects about 11% of veterans of the war in Afghanistan, but 20% of veterans who served in Iraq.† (Badger np). Looking forward for veterans, they will likely need more money for mental health care. (Badger np). Problems caused by PTSD are a serious issue. Mental problems include: depression, other anxiety disorders, drug use problems. For physical health, a lot of things are associated. Like, arthritis, heart-related problems and disease, respiratory system-related problems and disease, digestive problems and disease, reproductive system-related problems, diabetes, pain. â€Å"PTSD puts tremendous physical and emotional strain on a person.† (Tull np). â€Å"People with PTSD may engage in more risky and health-compromising behaviors, such as alcohol and drug use.† (Tull np). PTSD puts strain on the human body. It is very important to get medical help if you have PTSD. To understand the Iraq war, you need eye witnesses. Casey Owens was a marine and a land mine took both legs on his second deployment. He says he loves his life. Even without legs, he still runs with prosthetics. He got the Purple Heart. At the age of 22, he was admitted to combat. He has a special needs dog, to cope with Caseys PTSD. Evan Morgan was a marine who lost both legs to an IED blast. He got the Purple Heart. Says hes happy. He got married and had two kids. Tony Riddle was a marine. His wife said he was different when he came back. He has PTSD. He got awards. They were all in 1st battalion, 7th Marines.

Conceptions of the Social Contract Theory - 924 Words

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau were political philosophers who formulated their own version of the social contract theory. The social contract theory is a treaty or an agreement that developed a set of laws, organized a functional society, and created the need to be governed. It was put into place when man realized that there was no law. Mankind eventually sought the desire for security and order. To receive security and order people shall voluntarily give up all their rights and freedoms and be obedient to some sort of authority. The social contract theory is made up of two agreements known as, â€Å"Pactum Unionis† and â€Å"Pactum Subjectionis†. The â€Å"Pactum Unionis† agreement would help the people with their troubles and†¦show more content†¦After the change in population, people started to notice that change had to take place. Quality of life would rise while the value of life would fall. The conception shows the state of nature changing to modern day society. Rousseau’s second conception of the social contract is known as his idealized theory. It outlines the problems that modern society has created for us in which he sees to be problematic. During the State of Nature, people lived simple lives with their needs being met by nature. With nature being plentiful and population being small; people rarely came into contact with one another. This would result for the people to have no reason for conflict and no reason to bring harm to one another. I feel that Thomas Hobbes’ concept of the social contract is very pessimistic unlike Locke and Rousseau’s concepts. I disagree with Hobbes when talking about how he felt about mankind in the state of nature because he believes that life in the state of nature was terrible. In my opinion, life in the state of nature was good and simple because the people who lived in that time period had no knowledge of technology or anything else for that fact. I most defiantly agree with Hobbes when talking about his political views. I feel that he describes modern day government when he expresses his political views. I enjoyed researching and reading John Locke’s concept of the social contract. I feel that Locke was veryShow MoreRelatedHobbes And Rousseau On The Social Contract Theory1625 Words   |  7 PagesRousseau on the Social Contract Theory The social contract theory focuses on the origin of states and laws, and the impact of regulated communities or states on individuals. All conceptions of the social contract theory can be harmonized to the individual desire for safety or security and the demand for fulfillment through a collective agreement which transforms the human dimension into an organized society from the primordial state. Rousseau was the first philosopher to coin the social contract terminologyRead MoreLiberalism And The Ethical And Logical Level Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pagesthe power and neutrality of the state. Liberal neutrality can be understood as the idea that a neoliberal state should not promote any specific concept of perfectionism, social utopia or the ‘’good’’. This is concept is often used in critiques of multiculturalism and collective rights movements. We will be discussing the theories of some liberal authors such as John Rawls, Locke, Mill, Nozick, and Waldron among others whose philosophies clash on the ethical and logical level. We will discuss theRead MoreAnalysis Of John Stuart Mill s Veil Of Ignorance And The Classic Social Contract Theory Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesprompt one of the week three Justice Theory essay assignment, and yields an evaluation through considering various internal and external materials from weeks one through three. Accordingly, the organization of this exploration concentrates on three areas of focus. First, this paper seeks to explain how the modern social contract theorist, John Rawls’, attempts to enhance the classic utilitarian views of John Stuart Mill, as well as the classic social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes and Jean JacquesRead MoreRawls Theory Of Justice1598 Words   |  7 Pagesaims to present a conception of justice that serves the social contract theory more gene rally and abstractly than such social contract theories provided by Locke, Rousseau, and Kant. In contrast to Locke, Rousseau, and Kant, Rawls’ conception of justice does not provide a specific layout for the intricacies and structure of each social institution. His abstract concept of justness, however, provides the foundation from which a just institution must derive. 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Whilst the expected behaviour of persons in the state of nature differs among the social contract theorists, the classical writings all share one common feature, a â€Å"generalised potential for threat† from other persons (Dicus 2015, p. 105). However, the nature of this threat in the hypothetical state of nature is not verifiable, as is the transition to civil society. The â€Å"signing† of the socialRead MoreEssay about The Criticism of Social Contract Theories1232 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Tatum Schneidmiller Justice Theory Assignment #1 Ward Churchills criticism of social contract theory clearly applies to classic social contract theories that we discussed.   However, Rawls adds the veil of ignorance concept to his more modern social contract theory.   A) Explain the basics of Rawls and Churchills arguments and how they each criticize classic social contract theories.   B) Discuss whether or not Churchills argument applies to Rawls modification and explain how and why it doesRead MoreRousseau, Mill, And Constant Articulated By Unpacking Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pagespursue the general will. The general will is a key concept in Rousseau s The Social Contract. Rousseau defines the general will as the majority opinion of what is most beneficial to the common interest without any influence from private interest. 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Locke’sRead MoreJohn Rawls : A Theory Of Justice Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiences to shape his ideas, and he articulates them through one of his most influential books, A Theory of Justice. Through this book he describes the structure or origin of the social-contract tradition in a different view by arguing on behalf of political society through a more liberalism tradition. For example, one of his most distinct views is the role of an original position in the social contract The original position is a model of impartiality is based from the ‘veil of ignorance†, the principle

The Origins of Electronic Music Essay Example For Students

The Origins of Electronic Music Essay Today electronic music is a broad term used for everything that is produced using electronic devices. The surfacing of electronic music started with Thatched Cahill in 1897. He invented the telemarketing, which was seen as the first electronic instrument of the time. This machine was huge and weighed a few tons and it was almost as big as a car. Thatched Cahill designed the instrument to listen to music through telephone receivers. It was Thatched Chills idea to broadcast music in restaurants, hotels, and in peoples homes. What he did not realize was that his plan was actually pretty well Hough out. Because of him we make massive use of streaming media. In 1919, an instrument for electronic music production called the therein was invented by a Russian inventor Leon Therein. The Beach Boys used this therein instrument in their song Good Vibrations. With simply moving a right hand along an aerial move , they were able to change the pitch of this instrument. After the World War II, electronic production went into production more than ever. This was because of the invention of the tape recorder and these primitive synthesizers. Groups of composers saw new possibilities, and noticed that they could make sounds and composition that were not possible with normal instruments. They tested all kinds of processes and functions on magnetic tapes. In 1957, one of those groups, The American Max Mathews began the Bell Laboratories to compose music using a computer. Even though electronic music started as classical composition in the sixties, it increasingly went towards pop culture. Back then Moos synthesizers were used that could only play music one note at a time and these devices were not ere stable, and could not very tone. In the early seventies, Germany experimented with many forms of electronic music. Their most famous electronic music group from this time was Jerkwater. This group had a major influence on the development of electronic music. Jerkwater broke in 1974 worldwide with the album Autobahn This album used a incoming that was extremely sophisticated at that time. After their release of this album, Jerkwater started experimenting with the possibilities offered by electronic music. In the early eighties, the electronic instruments were developed and artists were blew to use digital instead of analog synthesizers and samplers. The first samplers were extremely expensive devices that were priced around $100,000. Around that time Detroit was famous for the techno music, and Chicago was famous for its house music. These two are known to be the origins of the contemporary dance music. In the nineties, the price of equipment started falling down and this form of music the personal computer was introduced. It was the time period when everyone started engaging themselves in the electronic music.

The Categories of Aristotle Essay Essay Example

The Categories of Aristotle Essay Essay Aristotle ( 384-322BC ) is one of the most influential philosophers of the western tradition and had many philosophical plants credited to him. In his treatise on logic jointly known as â€Å"Organon† . Aristotle gave two preliminary treatises ; â€Å"The Categories and De Interpretatione ( on reading ) covering with footings and with propositions severally. This paper is an effort to look at the classs from Aristotle’s position. Hence it is necessary to specify the term class ( Internet Explorers ) from a general point of position foremost. so as to make enabling environment to dig into the classs of Aristotle. THE TERM CATEGORY ( IES ) In remarkable signifier. class harmonizing to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is a category or group of people or things regarded as holding certain characteristics in common. Etymologically. the word itself is derived from the Grecian word â€Å"Kategorein† which has the significance of â€Å"predicate† . Thus. the classs signify different ways of predicating something or better still. different manners of being. The exact same significance is besides found in the Latin reading â€Å"praedicamenta† from the verb â€Å"praedicare† intending to asseverate. ARISTOTLE’S CATEGORIES. We will write a custom essay sample on The Categories of Aristotle Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Categories of Aristotle Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Categories of Aristotle Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Aristotle’s classs is a singularly of import work of doctrine. which non merely presents the anchor of Aristotle’s ain philosophical theorizing. but has exerted an alone influence on the systems of many of the greatest philosophers in the western tradition. The set of philosophies in the classs provides the frame work of enquiry for a broad assortment of Aristotle’s philosophical probes. runing from his treatments of clip and alteration in the natural philosophies. to the scientific discipline of Being qua being in the metaphysics. and even widening to his rejection of Platonic moralss in the Nicomachean Ethics. In his treatise. the classs deal with footings in isolation and he used it to demo the different categorization of things. which for him. can be in 10 different categorizations viz. ; substance. measure. relation. quality. topographic point. clip. place. ownership. action and passion. He considers these classs to hold really been in being outside the head and in things and non as unreal creative activities of the head. Thingss for him fell into assorted categorizations by their very nature and we think of them as members of a species or genus because they are. Therefore. thought was connected with the ways things are. and this underlies the close relation between logic and metaphysics. Furthermore. the 10 classs are divided foremost into significant and inadvertent things. The significant which is the substance states whatness or essence/substance. that is a thing which can non be in its ain right. instead does be in another thing as in a topic. THE Tenfold DIVISION OF THE CATEGORIES 1 Substance: this is a thing which can be in its ain right. non merely as a alteration of something else. Substance is the 1. like human being. animate beings. and workss. It is identified from inquiry like ; â€Å"what is the thing? † 2 QUANTITY: in relation to the substance. the measure negotiations about the sum or figure of something that can be measured or that is fixed. For illustration ; the adult male is six pess tall. It is fixed. It is elucidated in inquiries like ; how many or much of it is at that place? In other words. measure is an accident of material things whereby they are extended into infinite. measureable by some mathematical criterion. and capable of being divided into separate parts. It is either diescrete measures or uninterrupted. Discrete measures are figure abd address ; that of uninterrupted are lines. surfaces. solids etc. 3 Quality: this is a term that is used in many senses. However. in this context. it is that in virtuousness of which people ( substances ) are said to be such and such. It is an accident by which a thing is of a certain kind or sort ; its sense qualities and form. how a thing acts ; its abilities and wonts. Therefore. one may inquire for case. what kind of thing is it? Is it green. Sweet. happy. weather etc? 4 Relation: this is an accident that answers the inquiry ; what is the connexion? Example ; are they same. similar. equal. male parent. president. break ones back? It is an accident in a thing which is the bearing or mention of the thing towards another thing. 5 Topographic point: this is an extrinsic accident said of a thing which makes a mention to where or location. Example. here. at that place. near. up. down. 6 Time: this deals with or makes a mention to when ; when is it runing: yesterday. now. so. before etc. 7 Position: this talk of a thing with mention to the order of a thing’s portion in a given topographic point. That is. what is its place? Is it dead set. standing. reversed. prone. foremost? 8 Possession: it is an accident peculiar to the homo being which includes all external equipments added to his natural organic structure such as vesture. decorations etc. it describes human existences as holding particular ownerships. 9 Action: this entails making or transporting out an activity. It is an accident which is the making of something to something else. Like heating. traveling a tabular array. cutting grass etc. 10 Passion: while the action is of making. passion is the receiving system. In other words. passion is an accident which is the receiving of something from something else such as being cut. being moved etc. RULES FOR THE CATEGORIES Before one can put a given thing in any one of the classs. one must detect the undermentioned regulations: 1 Merely simple worlds can be placed in a given class. That is to state that composite construct like â€Å"healthy child† must be reduced to its elements before trying to use the classs. Therefore. we have child as substance and healthy as quality. 2 The simple world must be a whole. The portion of something is placed in the same class as the whole to which it belongs. Example. the human manus as portion of the human being. is placed in the class of substance. 3 The simple world must be natural ; however. an unreal thing may be placed in the same class as the thing which it imitates. 4 The simple world must be a unequivocal word. for if the word is ambiguous. two different constructs are implied. every bit good as the possibility of two different classs. For case. â€Å"Bark† as the covering of a tree is placed in the class of substance. but as the sound of a Canis familiaris. it is in quality. 5 Merely the cosmopolitan nature can be placed in the classs and non the alone singular. Example. Canis familiaris stand foring the whole household Canis familiaris is acceptable non Regis or Alsatian stand foring a peculiar household of Canis familiaris. EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION From the foregoing. it could be said. from one’s point of position. that Aristotle classified footings upon the rudimentss of grammatical differentiation as to their usage. From another angle. it may be that he is non sorting lingual symbols but what they symbolize. that is. things. An ontological reading to this 2nd position. will show Aristotle as trying to sort the chief facets of world. However. the reply to what Aristotle is really making encompasses the three position as articulated in the words of Porphyry’s commentary on the classs ; â€Å"†¦ as things are. so are the looks which chiefly indicate them. † Conclusively. these classs are ways of showing how things relate to each other or ways in which we speak about worlds. Wordss uncombined can be said to intend and fall into one or other of the above 10 classs. What Aristotle wants to emphasis is that there is a series of related things or events that leads to â€Å"science† . This order is. in the first topographic point the being of things and their procedures ; secondly. our believing about things and their behavior ; and eventually. the transmutation of our idea. Hence. logic is the analysis of linguistic communication. the procedure of concluding. and the manner linguistic communication and concluding are related to world. BIBLIOGRAPHY BRUGGER. W. A ; BAKER. K. : â€Å"Categories† in Philosophical Dictionary. New York: Drams associates Inc. . 1966. 51-55. EDWARD. P. ( erectile dysfunction ) : â€Å"Aristotle† The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. 1 A ; 2. New York: Macmillan Publishing Inc. A ; the Free Press. 1967. 155-157. FLEW. A. : â€Å"Aristotle. † in The Dictionary of Philosophy. London: Pan Book. 1984. 160-163. HALVERSON. W. A. : Concise Introduction to Philosophy ; 2nd Edition. New York: Random House. 1967. LEVY. I. M. : â€Å"Categories. † in Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus. Chicago 2009. CDR. LEVY. I. M. : â€Å"Aristotle’s Classs. † in Encyclopedia Britannica Student A ; Home Edition. Chicago 2009. CDR. OZUMBA. G. O. : A Concise Introduction to Epistemology. Calabar: Ebenezer Printing Press A ; Computer Service. 2001. SPANGLER M. : Logic ; an Aristotelean Approach. rpm. erectile dysfunction. Old line state: University Press of America Inc. . 1993. STUMPF. S. E. : Doctrine ; History A ; Problem. North America: McGraw-Hill Inc. 1994.

Dally Oustiders Essays

Dally Oustiders Essays Dally Oustiders Paper Dally Oustiders Paper When Pony describes him, he writes, He had been arrested, he got drunk, he rode in rodeos, lied, cheated, stole, rolled drunks, Jumped small kids he did everything. I didnt like him, but he was smart, and you had to respect him(13). Evidently Dally is dangerous. He is also intelligent by means of law-breaking. The record he built has proved that he does not respect anyone. In fact, he does not even respect the law. For example, when Pony, Johnny, and Dally go to the theater, Pony writes, We all had money to get in it only costs a quarter if your not In a AR but Dally hated doing things the legal way. He liked to prove he didnt care there was a law or not. He went around trying to break the law(21). Dally uses his police record to his advantage, and goes around breaking the law to show how tough he Is. This is to cope with his insecurity that may be a result of something unexplained In the book. He uses a rebellious mask deal the pain or Insecurity. Nearing the end of the book, however, he changes. By the end of Dallas life, his mask Is lifted. HIS carefree attitude toward other people changes when Johnny admits he wants to turn himself In: noon get hardened In Jail. I dont want that to happen to you. Like It happened to me(80). Dally shows feelings and cares for Johnny, unlike he has for anyone else In the gang. Towards the end of Johnnys life, Dally shows more emotion that was not expressed at the start of the book. Pony writes, Whirling suddenly, [Dally] slammed back and sweat streamed down his face Oh damned Johnny, dont die, please dont del(130). Dally Is practically begging for Johnny to survive. It Is a rare occasion for Dally to beg. Besides that, Dally Is begging for someone else, not himself, proving he has changed. Later, when Dally Is murdered, the gang, as well as the readers, see his breaking point. Dallas Winston was a persistent, rebellious, young man who despite all of this, can still be human. When the only thing he loved died, he did what he thought was right. He died gallantly for Johnny. Even though a normal person would not put themselves out to die, Dally thought that was the best way to end things. He could not cope with the fact Johnny was dead, but could cope with his family rejecting him, UT he changed. He changed as a result of an action. That Is the meaning of a dynamic character. HIS personality did change. He would have never purposefully died for anyone, even himself, but In a twisted way he died for Johnny. Dally did transform. Dally Striders By goalkeepers everything. I didnt like him, but he was smart, and you had to respect Pony writes, We all had money to get in it only costs a quarter if your not in a record to his advantage, and goes around breaking the law to show how tough he is. This is to cope with his insecurity that may be a result of something unexplained in the book.

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness Research Paper - 1

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness - Research Paper Example However, in the past few years, the company has implemented different changes in its business processes to offer its products. The top management of Amazon.com with the support of its founder Jeff Bezos, separated the trading platforms with on geographical grounds such that individual trading sites are developed to offer the products and services for consumers of UK, USA, Canada, Japan, China, Germany, France, Italy and other countries. There are two main reasons for bringing such global change in its business operations. Firstly, Amazon.com targeted the specific consumer needs for each geographical territory and aimed at catering the local customers through local platforms i.e. a decentralized platform. Secondly, the company managed to invest in the logistics and operations in different parts of the world on local basis. This means that the company has established the local supply chain in different countries and the products are not shipped from its global warehouses to a customer in a particular country, rather local orders are fulfilled through using local warehouses and logistics. Industrial Organization Model and Resource based Model Industrial organization model reflects that the external environment of any business poses a large influence upon the earnings of an organization as compared to the internal environment of any business (Johnson, Scholes, & Whittington, 2008). Amazon.com initially opted a business of e-retailing the books and similar reading content material and kept polishing this product line. However, this product line turned out to be a niche market for Amazon.com, as the company’s earnings remained stuck because several other online book retailers saturated this market as well as the market itself lost its momentum and showed a declining phase. Realizing this phase at an early stage, the top management of Amazon.com decided to enter into new product lines while staying as an e-retailer. New product lines provided Amazon.com a bette r opportunity to penetrate into other industries rather quickly as well as earning above average returns because of having an already established supply chain. From the resource based model perspective, the resources, which Amazon.com currently has, are quite capable of providing it the competitive advantage (Pitts & Lei, 2006). The most promising and trustworthy resource is the logistics and supply chain infrastructure. The company has developed its logistic infrastructure across the world on local basis such that if the specific consumer of a country orders a product, that product can be delivered through local supply chain within the least amount of time. Another resource which acts as a competence to Amazon.com is its highly dependable and secure Web-based IT infrastructure which ensures the safe transactions and privacy elements for the customers and eliminates the likelihood of system failure. Impact of Mission and Vision Statement Following are the mission and vision statemen ts of Amazon.com: Mission Statement â€Å"We seek to be Earth’s most customer-centric company for four primary customer sets: consumers, sellers, enterprises, and content creators.† (Amazon.com, 2012). The above mission statement of Amazon.com provides the company a room for several different areas such as the company has not confined its purpose of business operations to a specific

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Business Law - Essay Example However, under the intention to contract, neither of the parties had the intention to contract because Bob only offered a gift to Ted as a form of gratitude for helping him. Therefore, since there was no intention to contract, then it implies that there was no existing contract between Bob and Ted. The element of consideration also indicates that there had been no existing contract between the two parties (Burton, 2009). Under the element of consideration, a gift is different from a contract. A gift is a cost-free and voluntary conveyance of property from one individual to another (Stone, 2008). Therefore, it does not serve as fulfillment of a promise. Therefore, Ted cannot sue Bob for failure of paying him the $100 since there was no existing contract between them. Question Two (a) Betty’s contract is indeed valid since there was an offer to contract, made by Betty, which the owner of the local sporting goods store accepted. The element of consideration also exists in the con tracts since; Betty gave out her collection of dolls for the bat, ball and glove. Both parties also intended to contract because; they both expressed willingness to reach into an agreement, which they both fulfilled. However, in the case of capacity to contract, Betty had no capacity to contract since, under the law, she is an infant. ... Therefore, Betty can indeed get out of the contract since; the law does not view her baseball items as necessities. Question Two (b) In the case where Betty had contracted to exchange her doll collection for shoes and clothes, she will not be able to get out of the contract since; she will now be bound by the contract. The law defines necessities as all goods that infants require, and are suitable to the infant’s conditions at the time of sale and delivery (Feinberg, 2005). Therefore, shoes and clothes are necessities because, Betty had worn out clothes and; therefore; she needed the clothes. Consequently, in this case, the contract binds the infant (Betty) and thus she will not be able to get out. Question 3 (a) An intended beneficiary is an individual who is a third party to the contract apart from the other two basic parties to the contract. The individual benefits from the contract when one party (the promisee) gets into an agreement with another party (the promisor) to pr ovide services to the promisor while the third party (intended beneficiary) receives the benefits (Feinberg, 2005). Therefore, the promisee must intend to benefit the third party. Ethel is indeed an intended beneficiary of the contract because she is benefitting from services that Dan is receiving from Jen. Although she is not part of the contract between Dan and Jen, she benefits through Jens intention. Question 3 (b) The contract between Dan and Jen must indeed be in writing in order to ensure certainty of transactions and future security. According to the element of formalities, the requirement of writing prevents fraud by either of the parties (O'Sullivan & Hilliard, 2006). A party to a contract may perpetuate fraud by insisting that there is no